South Georgia flag

South Georgia

Population: 30

Region: Antarctic

Capital: King Edward Point

Grenada flag

Grenada

Population: 112,519

Region: Americas

Capital: St. George's

Switzerland flag

Switzerland

Population: 8,654,622

Region: Europe

Capital: Bern

Sierra Leone flag

Sierra Leone

Population: 7,976,985

Region: Africa

Capital: Freetown

Hungary flag

Hungary

Population: 9,749,763

Region: Europe

Capital: Budapest

Taiwan flag

Taiwan

Population: 23,503,349

Region: Asia

Capital: Taipei

Wallis and Futuna flag

Wallis and Futuna

Population: 11,750

Region: Oceania

Capital: Mata-Utu

Barbados flag

Barbados

Population: 287,371

Region: Americas

Capital: Bridgetown

Pitcairn Islands flag

Pitcairn Islands

Population: 56

Region: Oceania

Capital: Adamstown

Ivory Coast flag

Ivory Coast

Population: 26,378,275

Region: Africa

Capital: Yamoussoukro

Tunisia flag

Tunisia

Population: 11,818,618

Region: Africa

Capital: Tunis

Italy flag

Italy

Population: 59,554,023

Region: Europe

Capital: Rome

Benin flag

Benin

Population: 12,123,198

Region: Africa

Capital: Porto-Novo

Indonesia flag

Indonesia

Population: 273,523,621

Region: Asia

Capital: Jakarta

Cape Verde flag

Cape Verde

Population: 555,988

Region: Africa

Capital: Praia

Saint Kitts and Nevis flag

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Population: 53,192

Region: Americas

Capital: Basseterre

Laos flag

Laos

Population: 7,275,556

Region: Asia

Capital: Vientiane

Caribbean Netherlands flag

Caribbean Netherlands

Population: 25,987

Region: Americas

Capital: Kralendijk

Uganda flag

Uganda

Population: 45,741,000

Region: Africa

Capital: Kampala

Andorra flag

Andorra

Population: 77,265

Region: Europe

Capital: Andorra la Vella

Burundi flag

Burundi

Population: 11,890,781

Region: Africa

Capital: Gitega

South Africa flag

South Africa

Population: 59,308,690

Region: Africa

Capital: Pretoria

France flag

France

Population: 67,391,582

Region: Europe

Capital: Paris

Libya flag

Libya

Population: 6,871,287

Region: Africa

Capital: Tripoli

Mexico flag

Mexico

Population: 128,932,753

Region: Americas

Capital: Mexico City

Gabon flag

Gabon

Population: 2,225,728

Region: Africa

Capital: Libreville

Northern Mariana Islands flag

Northern Mariana Islands

Population: 57,557

Region: Oceania

Capital: Saipan

North Macedonia flag

North Macedonia

Population: 2,077,132

Region: Europe

Capital: Skopje

China flag

China

Population: 1,402,112,000

Region: Asia

Capital: Beijing

Yemen flag

Yemen

Population: 29,825,968

Region: Asia

Capital: Sana'a

Saint Barthélemy flag

Saint Barthélemy

Population: 4,255

Region: Americas

Capital: Gustavia

Guernsey flag

Guernsey

Population: 62,999

Region: Europe

Capital: St. Peter Port

Solomon Islands flag

Solomon Islands

Population: 686,878

Region: Oceania

Capital: Honiara

Svalbard and Jan Mayen flag

Svalbard and Jan Mayen

Population: 2,562

Region: Europe

Capital: Longyearbyen

Faroe Islands flag

Faroe Islands

Population: 48,865

Region: Europe

Capital: Tórshavn

Uzbekistan flag

Uzbekistan

Population: 34,232,050

Region: Asia

Capital: Tashkent

Egypt flag

Egypt

Population: 102,334,403

Region: Africa

Capital: Cairo

Senegal flag

Senegal

Population: 16,743,930

Region: Africa

Capital: Dakar

Sri Lanka flag

Sri Lanka

Population: 21,919,000

Region: Asia

Capital: Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte

Palestine flag

Palestine

Population: 4,803,269

Region: Asia

Capital: Ramallah

Bangladesh flag

Bangladesh

Population: 164,689,383

Region: Asia

Capital: Dhaka

Peru flag

Peru

Population: 32,971,846

Region: Americas

Capital: Lima

Singapore flag

Singapore

Population: 5,685,807

Region: Asia

Capital: Singapore

Turkey flag

Turkey

Population: 84,339,067

Region: Asia

Capital: Ankara

Afghanistan flag

Afghanistan

Population: 40,218,234

Region: Asia

Capital: Kabul

Aruba flag

Aruba

Population: 106,766

Region: Americas

Capital: Oranjestad

Cook Islands flag

Cook Islands

Population: 18,100

Region: Oceania

Capital: Avarua

United Kingdom flag

United Kingdom

Population: 67,215,293

Region: Europe

Capital: London

Zambia flag

Zambia

Population: 18,383,956

Region: Africa

Capital: Lusaka

Finland flag

Finland

Population: 5,530,719

Region: Europe

Capital: Helsinki

Niger flag

Niger

Population: 24,206,636

Region: Africa

Capital: Niamey

Christmas Island flag

Christmas Island

Population: 2,072

Region: Oceania

Capital: Flying Fish Cove

Tokelau flag

Tokelau

Population: 1,411

Region: Oceania

Capital: Fakaofo

Guinea-Bissau flag

Guinea-Bissau

Population: 1,967,998

Region: Africa

Capital: Bissau

Azerbaijan flag

Azerbaijan

Population: 10,110,116

Region: Asia

Capital: Baku

Réunion flag

Réunion

Population: 840,974

Region: Africa

Capital: Saint-Denis

Djibouti flag

Djibouti

Population: 988,002

Region: Africa

Capital: Djibouti

North Korea flag

North Korea

Population: 25,778,815

Region: Asia

Capital: Pyongyang

Mauritius flag

Mauritius

Population: 1,265,740

Region: Africa

Capital: Port Louis

Montserrat flag

Montserrat

Population: 4,922

Region: Americas

Capital: Plymouth

United States Virgin Islands flag

United States Virgin Islands

Population: 106,290

Region: Americas

Capital: Charlotte Amalie

Colombia flag

Colombia

Population: 50,882,884

Region: Americas

Capital: Bogotá

Greece flag

Greece

Population: 10,715,549

Region: Europe

Capital: Athens

Croatia flag

Croatia

Population: 4,047,200

Region: Europe

Capital: Zagreb

Morocco flag

Morocco

Population: 36,910,558

Region: Africa

Capital: Rabat

Algeria flag

Algeria

Population: 44,700,000

Region: Africa

Capital: Algiers

Antarctica flag

Antarctica

Population: 1,000

Region: Antarctic

Capital: N/A

Netherlands flag

Netherlands

Population: 16,655,799

Region: Europe

Capital: Amsterdam

Sudan flag

Sudan

Population: 43,849,269

Region: Africa

Capital: Khartoum

Fiji flag

Fiji

Population: 896,444

Region: Oceania

Capital: Suva

Liechtenstein flag

Liechtenstein

Population: 38,137

Region: Europe

Capital: Vaduz

Nepal flag

Nepal

Population: 29,136,808

Region: Asia

Capital: Kathmandu

Puerto Rico flag

Puerto Rico

Population: 3,194,034

Region: Americas

Capital: San Juan

Georgia flag

Georgia

Population: 3,714,000

Region: Asia

Capital: Tbilisi

Pakistan flag

Pakistan

Population: 220,892,331

Region: Asia

Capital: Islamabad

Monaco flag

Monaco

Population: 39,244

Region: Europe

Capital: Monaco

Botswana flag

Botswana

Population: 2,351,625

Region: Africa

Capital: Gaborone

Lebanon flag

Lebanon

Population: 6,825,442

Region: Asia

Capital: Beirut

Papua New Guinea flag

Papua New Guinea

Population: 8,947,027

Region: Oceania

Capital: Port Moresby

Mayotte flag

Mayotte

Population: 226,915

Region: Africa

Capital: Mamoudzou

Dominican Republic flag

Dominican Republic

Population: 10,847,904

Region: Americas

Capital: Santo Domingo

Norfolk Island flag

Norfolk Island

Population: 2,302

Region: Oceania

Capital: Kingston

Bouvet Island flag

Bouvet Island

Population: 0

Region: Antarctic

Capital: N/A

Qatar flag

Qatar

Population: 2,881,060

Region: Asia

Capital: Doha

Madagascar flag

Madagascar

Population: 27,691,019

Region: Africa

Capital: Antananarivo

India flag

India

Population: 1,380,004,385

Region: Asia

Capital: New Delhi

Syria flag

Syria

Population: 17,500,657

Region: Asia

Capital: Damascus

Montenegro flag

Montenegro

Population: 621,718

Region: Europe

Capital: Podgorica

Eswatini flag

Eswatini

Population: 1,160,164

Region: Africa

Capital: Mbabane

Paraguay flag

Paraguay

Population: 7,132,530

Region: Americas

Capital: Asunción

El Salvador flag

El Salvador

Population: 6,486,201

Region: Americas

Capital: San Salvador

Ukraine flag

Ukraine

Population: 44,134,693

Region: Europe

Capital: Kyiv

Isle of Man flag

Isle of Man

Population: 85,032

Region: Europe

Capital: Douglas

Namibia flag

Namibia

Population: 2,540,916

Region: Africa

Capital: Windhoek

United Arab Emirates flag

United Arab Emirates

Population: 9,890,400

Region: Asia

Capital: Abu Dhabi

Bulgaria flag

Bulgaria

Population: 6,927,288

Region: Europe

Capital: Sofia

Greenland flag

Greenland

Population: 56,367

Region: Americas

Capital: Nuuk

Germany flag

Germany

Population: 83,240,525

Region: Europe

Capital: Berlin

Cambodia flag

Cambodia

Population: 16,718,971

Region: Asia

Capital: Phnom Penh

Iraq flag

Iraq

Population: 40,222,503

Region: Asia

Capital: Baghdad

French Southern and Antarctic Lands flag

French Southern and Antarctic Lands

Population: 400

Region: Antarctic

Capital: Port-aux-Français

Sweden flag

Sweden

Population: 10,353,442

Region: Europe

Capital: Stockholm

Cuba flag

Cuba

Population: 11,326,616

Region: Americas

Capital: Havana

Kyrgyzstan flag

Kyrgyzstan

Population: 6,591,600

Region: Asia

Capital: Bishkek

Russia flag

Russia

Population: 144,104,080

Region: Europe

Capital: Moscow

Malaysia flag

Malaysia

Population: 32,365,998

Region: Asia

Capital: Kuala Lumpur

São Tomé and Príncipe flag

São Tomé and Príncipe

Population: 219,161

Region: Africa

Capital: São Tomé

Cyprus flag

Cyprus

Population: 1,207,361

Region: Europe

Capital: Nicosia

Canada flag

Canada

Population: 38,005,238

Region: Americas

Capital: Ottawa

Malawi flag

Malawi

Population: 19,129,955

Region: Africa

Capital: Lilongwe

Saudi Arabia flag

Saudi Arabia

Population: 34,813,867

Region: Asia

Capital: Riyadh

Bosnia and Herzegovina flag

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Population: 3,280,815

Region: Europe

Capital: Sarajevo

Ethiopia flag

Ethiopia

Population: 114,963,583

Region: Africa

Capital: Addis Ababa

Spain flag

Spain

Population: 47,351,567

Region: Europe

Capital: Madrid

Slovenia flag

Slovenia

Population: 2,100,126

Region: Europe

Capital: Ljubljana

Oman flag

Oman

Population: 5,106,622

Region: Asia

Capital: Muscat

Saint Pierre and Miquelon flag

Saint Pierre and Miquelon

Population: 6,069

Region: Americas

Capital: Saint-Pierre

Macau flag

Macau

Population: 649,342

Region: Asia

Capital: N/A

San Marino flag

San Marino

Population: 33,938

Region: Europe

Capital: City of San Marino

Lesotho flag

Lesotho

Population: 2,142,252

Region: Africa

Capital: Maseru

Marshall Islands flag

Marshall Islands

Population: 59,194

Region: Oceania

Capital: Majuro

Sint Maarten flag

Sint Maarten

Population: 40,812

Region: Americas

Capital: Philipsburg

Iceland flag

Iceland

Population: 366,425

Region: Europe

Capital: Reykjavik

Luxembourg flag

Luxembourg

Population: 632,275

Region: Europe

Capital: Luxembourg

Argentina flag

Argentina

Population: 45,376,763

Region: Americas

Capital: Buenos Aires

Turks and Caicos Islands flag

Turks and Caicos Islands

Population: 38,718

Region: Americas

Capital: Cockburn Town

Nauru flag

Nauru

Population: 10,834

Region: Oceania

Capital: Yaren

Cocos (Keeling) Islands flag

Cocos (Keeling) Islands

Population: 544

Region: Oceania

Capital: West Island

Western Sahara flag

Western Sahara

Population: 510,713

Region: Africa

Capital: El Aaiún

Dominica flag

Dominica

Population: 71,991

Region: Americas

Capital: Roseau

Costa Rica flag

Costa Rica

Population: 5,094,114

Region: Americas

Capital: San José

Australia flag

Australia

Population: 25,687,041

Region: Oceania

Capital: Canberra

Thailand flag

Thailand

Population: 69,799,978

Region: Asia

Capital: Bangkok

Haiti flag

Haiti

Population: 11,402,533

Region: Americas

Capital: Port-au-Prince

Tuvalu flag

Tuvalu

Population: 11,792

Region: Oceania

Capital: Funafuti

Honduras flag

Honduras

Population: 9,904,608

Region: Americas

Capital: Tegucigalpa

Equatorial Guinea flag

Equatorial Guinea

Population: 1,402,985

Region: Africa

Capital: Malabo

Saint Lucia flag

Saint Lucia

Population: 183,629

Region: Americas

Capital: Castries

French Polynesia flag

French Polynesia

Population: 280,904

Region: Oceania

Capital: Papeetē

Belarus flag

Belarus

Population: 9,398,861

Region: Europe

Capital: Minsk

Latvia flag

Latvia

Population: 1,901,548

Region: Europe

Capital: Riga

Palau flag

Palau

Population: 18,092

Region: Oceania

Capital: Ngerulmud

Guadeloupe flag

Guadeloupe

Population: 400,132

Region: Americas

Capital: Basse-Terre

Philippines flag

Philippines

Population: 109,581,085

Region: Asia

Capital: Manila

Gibraltar flag

Gibraltar

Population: 33,691

Region: Europe

Capital: Gibraltar

Denmark flag

Denmark

Population: 5,831,404

Region: Europe

Capital: Copenhagen

Cameroon flag

Cameroon

Population: 26,545,864

Region: Africa

Capital: Yaoundé

Guinea flag

Guinea

Population: 13,132,792

Region: Africa

Capital: Conakry

Bahrain flag

Bahrain

Population: 1,701,583

Region: Asia

Capital: Manama

Suriname flag

Suriname

Population: 586,634

Region: Americas

Capital: Paramaribo

DR Congo flag

DR Congo

Population: 108,407,721

Region: Africa

Capital: Kinshasa

Somalia flag

Somalia

Population: 15,893,219

Region: Africa

Capital: Mogadishu

Czechia flag

Czechia

Population: 10,698,896

Region: Europe

Capital: Prague

New Caledonia flag

New Caledonia

Population: 271,960

Region: Oceania

Capital: Nouméa

Vanuatu flag

Vanuatu

Population: 307,150

Region: Oceania

Capital: Port Vila

Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha flag

Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha

Population: 53,192

Region: Africa

Capital: Jamestown

Togo flag

Togo

Population: 8,278,737

Region: Africa

Capital: Lomé

British Virgin Islands flag

British Virgin Islands

Population: 30,237

Region: Americas

Capital: Road Town

Kenya flag

Kenya

Population: 53,771,300

Region: Africa

Capital: Nairobi

Niue flag

Niue

Population: 1,470

Region: Oceania

Capital: Alofi

Heard Island and McDonald Islands flag

Heard Island and McDonald Islands

Population: 0

Region: Antarctic

Capital: N/A

Rwanda flag

Rwanda

Population: 12,952,209

Region: Africa

Capital: Kigali

Estonia flag

Estonia

Population: 1,331,057

Region: Europe

Capital: Tallinn

Romania flag

Romania

Population: 19,286,123

Region: Europe

Capital: Bucharest

Trinidad and Tobago flag

Trinidad and Tobago

Population: 1,399,491

Region: Americas

Capital: Port of Spain

Guyana flag

Guyana

Population: 786,559

Region: Americas

Capital: Georgetown

Timor-Leste flag

Timor-Leste

Population: 1,318,442

Region: Asia

Capital: Dili

Vietnam flag

Vietnam

Population: 97,338,583

Region: Asia

Capital: Hanoi

Uruguay flag

Uruguay

Population: 3,473,727

Region: Americas

Capital: Montevideo

Vatican City flag

Vatican City

Population: 451

Region: Europe

Capital: Vatican City

Hong Kong flag

Hong Kong

Population: 7,500,700

Region: Asia

Capital: City of Victoria

Austria flag

Austria

Population: 8,917,205

Region: Europe

Capital: Vienna

Antigua and Barbuda flag

Antigua and Barbuda

Population: 97,928

Region: Americas

Capital: Saint John's

Turkmenistan flag

Turkmenistan

Population: 6,031,187

Region: Asia

Capital: Ashgabat

Mozambique flag

Mozambique

Population: 31,255,435

Region: Africa

Capital: Maputo

Panama flag

Panama

Population: 4,314,768

Region: Americas

Capital: Panama City

Micronesia flag

Micronesia

Population: 115,021

Region: Oceania

Capital: Palikir

Ireland flag

Ireland

Population: 4,994,724

Region: Europe

Capital: Dublin

Curaçao flag

Curaçao

Population: 155,014

Region: Americas

Capital: Willemstad

French Guiana flag

French Guiana

Population: 254,541

Region: Americas

Capital: Cayenne

Norway flag

Norway

Population: 5,379,475

Region: Europe

Capital: Oslo

Åland Islands flag

Åland Islands

Population: 29,458

Region: Europe

Capital: Mariehamn

Central African Republic flag

Central African Republic

Population: 4,829,764

Region: Africa

Capital: Bangui

Burkina Faso flag

Burkina Faso

Population: 20,903,278

Region: Africa

Capital: Ouagadougou

Eritrea flag

Eritrea

Population: 5,352,000

Region: Africa

Capital: Asmara

Tanzania flag

Tanzania

Population: 59,734,213

Region: Africa

Capital: Dodoma

South Korea flag

South Korea

Population: 51,780,579

Region: Asia

Capital: Seoul

Jordan flag

Jordan

Population: 10,203,140

Region: Asia

Capital: Amman

Mauritania flag

Mauritania

Population: 4,649,660

Region: Africa

Capital: Nouakchott

Lithuania flag

Lithuania

Population: 2,794,700

Region: Europe

Capital: Vilnius

United States Minor Outlying Islands flag

United States Minor Outlying Islands

Population: 300

Region: Americas

Capital: Washington DC

Slovakia flag

Slovakia

Population: 5,458,827

Region: Europe

Capital: Bratislava

Angola flag

Angola

Population: 32,866,268

Region: Africa

Capital: Luanda

Kazakhstan flag

Kazakhstan

Population: 18,754,440

Region: Asia

Capital: Nur-Sultan

Moldova flag

Moldova

Population: 2,617,820

Region: Europe

Capital: Chișinău

Mali flag

Mali

Population: 20,250,834

Region: Africa

Capital: Bamako

Falkland Islands flag

Falkland Islands

Population: 2,563

Region: Americas

Capital: Stanley

Armenia flag

Armenia

Population: 2,963,234

Region: Asia

Capital: Yerevan

Samoa flag

Samoa

Population: 198,410

Region: Oceania

Capital: Apia

Jersey flag

Jersey

Population: 100,800

Region: Europe

Capital: Saint Helier

Japan flag

Japan

Population: 125,836,021

Region: Asia

Capital: Tokyo

Bolivia flag

Bolivia

Population: 11,673,029

Region: Americas

Capital: Sucre

Chile flag

Chile

Population: 19,116,209

Region: Americas

Capital: Santiago

United States flag

United States

Population: 329,484,123

Region: Americas

Capital: Washington, D.C.

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines flag

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Population: 110,947

Region: Americas

Capital: Kingstown

Bermuda flag

Bermuda

Population: 63,903

Region: Americas

Capital: Hamilton

Seychelles flag

Seychelles

Population: 98,462

Region: Africa

Capital: Victoria

British Indian Ocean Territory flag

British Indian Ocean Territory

Population: 3,000

Region: Africa

Capital: Diego Garcia

Guatemala flag

Guatemala

Population: 16,858,333

Region: Americas

Capital: Guatemala City

Ecuador flag

Ecuador

Population: 17,643,060

Region: Americas

Capital: Quito

Martinique flag

Martinique

Population: 378,243

Region: Americas

Capital: Fort-de-France

Tajikistan flag

Tajikistan

Population: 9,537,642

Region: Asia

Capital: Dushanbe

Malta flag

Malta

Population: 525,285

Region: Europe

Capital: Valletta

Gambia flag

Gambia

Population: 2,416,664

Region: Africa

Capital: Banjul

Nigeria flag

Nigeria

Population: 206,139,587

Region: Africa

Capital: Abuja

Bahamas flag

Bahamas

Population: 393,248

Region: Americas

Capital: Nassau

Kosovo flag

Kosovo

Population: 1,775,378

Region: Europe

Capital: Pristina

Kuwait flag

Kuwait

Population: 4,270,563

Region: Asia

Capital: Kuwait City

Maldives flag

Maldives

Population: 540,542

Region: Asia

Capital: Malé

South Sudan flag

South Sudan

Population: 11,193,729

Region: Africa

Capital: Juba

Iran flag

Iran

Population: 83,992,953

Region: Asia

Capital: Tehran

Albania flag

Albania

Population: 2,837,743

Region: Europe

Capital: Tirana

Brazil flag

Brazil

Population: 212,559,409

Region: Americas

Capital: Brasília

Serbia flag

Serbia

Population: 6,908,224

Region: Europe

Capital: Belgrade

Belize flag

Belize

Population: 397,621

Region: Americas

Capital: Belmopan

Myanmar flag

Myanmar

Population: 54,409,794

Region: Asia

Capital: Naypyidaw

Bhutan flag

Bhutan

Population: 771,612

Region: Asia

Capital: Thimphu

Venezuela flag

Venezuela

Population: 28,435,943

Region: Americas

Capital: Caracas

Liberia flag

Liberia

Population: 5,057,677

Region: Africa

Capital: Monrovia

Jamaica flag

Jamaica

Population: 2,961,161

Region: Americas

Capital: Kingston

Poland flag

Poland

Population: 37,950,802

Region: Europe

Capital: Warsaw

Cayman Islands flag

Cayman Islands

Population: 65,720

Region: Americas

Capital: George Town

Brunei flag

Brunei

Population: 437,483

Region: Asia

Capital: Bandar Seri Begawan

Comoros flag

Comoros

Population: 869,595

Region: Africa

Capital: Moroni

Guam flag

Guam

Population: 168,783

Region: Oceania

Capital: Hagåtña

Tonga flag

Tonga

Population: 105,697

Region: Oceania

Capital: Nuku'alofa

Kiribati flag

Kiribati

Population: 119,446

Region: Oceania

Capital: South Tarawa

Ghana flag

Ghana

Population: 31,072,945

Region: Africa

Capital: Accra

Chad flag

Chad

Population: 16,425,859

Region: Africa

Capital: N'Djamena

Zimbabwe flag

Zimbabwe

Population: 14,862,927

Region: Africa

Capital: Harare

Saint Martin flag

Saint Martin

Population: 38,659

Region: Americas

Capital: Marigot

Mongolia flag

Mongolia

Population: 3,278,292

Region: Asia

Capital: Ulan Bator

Portugal flag

Portugal

Population: 10,305,564

Region: Europe

Capital: Lisbon

American Samoa flag

American Samoa

Population: 55,197

Region: Oceania

Capital: Pago Pago

Republic of the Congo flag

Republic of the Congo

Population: 5,657,000

Region: Africa

Capital: Brazzaville

Belgium flag

Belgium

Population: 11,555,997

Region: Europe

Capital: Brussels

Israel flag

Israel

Population: 9,216,900

Region: Asia

Capital: Jerusalem

New Zealand flag

New Zealand

Population: 5,084,300

Region: Oceania

Capital: Wellington

Nicaragua flag

Nicaragua

Population: 6,624,554

Region: Americas

Capital: Managua

Anguilla flag

Anguilla

Population: 13,452

Region: Americas

Capital: The Valley